A Pilot Study of a Hybrid Process Involving In Situ Regenerated Activated Carbon, Membrane Separation and Advanced Oxidation for Water Pollution Abatement

The assessment of a pilot-scale hybrid system coupling powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption with membrane ultrafiltration (UF), in respect of activated carbon regeneration and organic micropollutant removal, was investigated in this study. Field tests with two adsorbents (i.e. a commercial PAC and a PAC-Fe(II) composite), conducted in the premises of Thessaloniki Water Treatment Plant, demonstrated the high efficiency of the combined PAC/UF process. Regeneration efficiencies varying between approximately 95% and 110%, complete diclofenac (DCF) degradation and rather moderate mineralization (TOC removal) rates of up to 47%, can be achieved by UVC/H₂O₂ or photo-Fenton oxidation after 4 hours of treatment; this performance is attributed to the in situ generation of reactive oxidant species by photolysis of H₂O₂, which seems to enhance the process effectiveness. Among the two adsorbent materials tested, composite PAC-Fe(II) exhibited a higher DCF adsorption capacity than the original PAC, probably due to the improved chemisorption and/or the electrostatic attractive interactions between the negatively charged DCF molecules and the positively charged iron species, at neutral pH. Furthermore, a rather insignificant effect of PACFe(II) loading on the regeneration efficiency was observed. The advantages of totally controlled H₂O₂ dosages and short operating times render the hybrid PAC/UF system a promising alternative to conventional and advanced drinking water purification methods.

https://doi.org/10.15377/2409-983X.2021.08.5

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Call Stack
#	Time	Memory	Function	Location
1	1.3935	28119288	shutdown_action_hook( )	...\load.php:0
2	1.3935	28119288	do_action( $hook_name = 'shutdown' )	...\load.php:1124
3	1.3935	28119664	WP_Hook->do_action( $args = [0 => ''] )	...\plugin.php:517
4	1.3935	28119664	WP_Hook->apply_filters( $value = '', $args = [0 => ''] )	...\class-wp-hook.php:332
5	1.3935	28120824	wp_ob_end_flush_all( '' )	...\class-wp-hook.php:308
6	1.3935	28120824	ob_end_flush( )	...\functions.php:5279
7	1.3935	28219160	autoptimizeMain->end_buffering( $content = '<!doctype html>\r\n<html lang="en-US">\r\n<head>\r\n\t<meta charset="UTF-8">\r\n\t<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">\r\n\t<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">\r\n\t<link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11">\r\n\t<meta name=\'robots\' content=\'index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1\' />\n<link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://nrre.cperi.certh.gr/a-pilot-study-of-a-hybrid-process-involving-in-situ-r', 9 )	...\functions.php:5279
8	1.3941	28222128	autoptimizeScripts->read( $options = ['aggregate' => 'on', 'defer_not_aggregate' => 1, 'defer_inline' => 1, 'justhead' => '', 'forcehead' => '', 'trycatch' => '', 'js_exclude' => 'wp-includes/js/dist/, wp-includes/js/tinymce/, js/jquery/jquery.js', 'cdn_url' => '', 'include_inline' => '', 'minify_excluded' => 'on'] )	...\autoptimizeMain.php:591
9	1.3941	28222128	apply_filters( $hook_name = 'autoptimize_filter_js_dontmove', $value = [0 => 'document.write', 1 => 'html5.js', 2 => 'show_ads.js', 3 => 'google_ad', 4 => 'histats.com/js', 5 => 'statcounter.com/counter/counter.js', 6 => 'ws.amazon.com/widgets', 7 => 'media.fastclick.net', 8 => '/ads/', 9 => 'comment-form-quicktags/quicktags.php', 10 => 'edToolbar', 11 => 'intensedebate.com', 12 => 'scripts.chitika.net/', 13 => '_gaq.push', 14 => 'jotform.com/', 15 => 'admin-bar.min.js', 16 => 'GoogleAnalyticsObject', 17 => 'plupload.full.min.js', 18 => 'syntaxhighlighter', 19 => 'adsbygoogle', 20 => 'gist.github.com', 21 => '_stq', 22 => 'nonce', 23 => 'post_id', 24 => 'data-noptimize', 25 => 'data-cfasync', 26 => 'data-pagespeed-no-defer', 27 => 'logHuman', 28 => 'amp-mobile-version-switcher', 29 => 'data-rocketlazyloadscript', 30 => 'rocket-browser-checker-js-after'] )	...\autoptimizeScripts.php:286
10	1.3941	28222536	WP_Hook->apply_filters( $value = [0 => 'document.write', 1 => 'html5.js', 2 => 'show_ads.js', 3 => 'google_ad', 4 => 'histats.com/js', 5 => 'statcounter.com/counter/counter.js', 6 => 'ws.amazon.com/widgets', 7 => 'media.fastclick.net', 8 => '/ads/', 9 => 'comment-form-quicktags/quicktags.php', 10 => 'edToolbar', 11 => 'intensedebate.com', 12 => 'scripts.chitika.net/', 13 => '_gaq.push', 14 => 'jotform.com/', 15 => 'admin-bar.min.js', 16 => 'GoogleAnalyticsObject', 17 => 'plupload.full.min.js', 18 => 'syntaxhighlighter', 19 => 'adsbygoogle', 20 => 'gist.github.com', 21 => '_stq', 22 => 'nonce', 23 => 'post_id', 24 => 'data-noptimize', 25 => 'data-cfasync', 26 => 'data-pagespeed-no-defer', 27 => 'logHuman', 28 => 'amp-mobile-version-switcher', 29 => 'data-rocketlazyloadscript', 30 => 'rocket-browser-checker-js-after'], $args = [0 => [0 => 'document.write', 1 => 'html5.js', 2 => 'show_ads.js', 3 => 'google_ad', 4 => 'histats.com/js', 5 => 'statcounter.com/counter/counter.js', 6 => 'ws.amazon.com/widgets', 7 => 'media.fastclick.net', 8 => '/ads/', 9 => 'comment-form-quicktags/quicktags.php', 10 => 'edToolbar', 11 => 'intensedebate.com', 12 => 'scripts.chitika.net/', 13 => '_gaq.push', 14 => 'jotform.com/', 15 => 'admin-bar.min.js', 16 => 'GoogleAnalyticsObject', 17 => 'plupload.full.min.js', 18 => 'syntaxhighlighter', 19 => 'adsbygoogle', 20 => 'gist.github.com', 21 => '_stq', 22 => 'nonce', 23 => 'post_id', 24 => 'data-noptimize', 25 => 'data-cfasync', 26 => 'data-pagespeed-no-defer', 27 => 'logHuman', 28 => 'amp-mobile-version-switcher', 29 => 'data-rocketlazyloadscript', 30 => 'rocket-browser-checker-js-after']] )	...\plugin.php:205

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( ! ) TypeError: call_user_func_array(): Argument #1 ($callback) must be a valid callback, non-static method wp_jquery_manager_plugin::autoptimize_support() cannot be called statically in C:\wamp64\www\nrre\wp-includes\class-wp-hook.php on line 308

Call Stack

Time

Memory

Function

Location

1.3935

28119288

shutdown_action_hook( )

...\load.php:0

1.3935

28119288

do_action( $hook_name = 'shutdown' )

...\load.php:1124

1.3935

28119664

WP_Hook->do_action( $args = [0 => ''] )

...\plugin.php:517

1.3935

28119664

WP_Hook->apply_filters( $value = '', $args = [0 => ''] )

...\class-wp-hook.php:332

1.3935

28120824

wp_ob_end_flush_all( '' )

...\class-wp-hook.php:308

1.3935

28120824

ob_end_flush( )

...\functions.php:5279

1.3935

28219160

autoptimizeMain->end_buffering( $content = '<!doctype html>\r\n<html lang="en-US">\r\n<head>\r\n\t<meta charset="UTF-8">\r\n\t<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">\r\n\t<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">\r\n\t<link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11">\r\n\t<meta name=\'robots\' content=\'index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1\' />\n<link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://nrre.cperi.certh.gr/a-pilot-study-of-a-hybrid-process-involving-in-situ-r', 9 )

...\functions.php:5279

1.3941

28222128

autoptimizeScripts->read( $options = ['aggregate' => 'on', 'defer_not_aggregate' => 1, 'defer_inline' => 1, 'justhead' => '', 'forcehead' => '', 'trycatch' => '', 'js_exclude' => 'wp-includes/js/dist/, wp-includes/js/tinymce/, js/jquery/jquery.js', 'cdn_url' => '', 'include_inline' => '', 'minify_excluded' => 'on'] )

...\autoptimizeMain.php:591

1.3941

28222128

apply_filters( $hook_name = 'autoptimize_filter_js_dontmove', $value = [0 => 'document.write', 1 => 'html5.js', 2 => 'show_ads.js', 3 => 'google_ad', 4 => 'histats.com/js', 5 => 'statcounter.com/counter/counter.js', 6 => 'ws.amazon.com/widgets', 7 => 'media.fastclick.net', 8 => '/ads/', 9 => 'comment-form-quicktags/quicktags.php', 10 => 'edToolbar', 11 => 'intensedebate.com', 12 => 'scripts.chitika.net/', 13 => '_gaq.push', 14 => 'jotform.com/', 15 => 'admin-bar.min.js', 16 => 'GoogleAnalyticsObject', 17 => 'plupload.full.min.js', 18 => 'syntaxhighlighter', 19 => 'adsbygoogle', 20 => 'gist.github.com', 21 => '_stq', 22 => 'nonce', 23 => 'post_id', 24 => 'data-noptimize', 25 => 'data-cfasync', 26 => 'data-pagespeed-no-defer', 27 => 'logHuman', 28 => 'amp-mobile-version-switcher', 29 => 'data-rocketlazyloadscript', 30 => 'rocket-browser-checker-js-after'] )

...\autoptimizeScripts.php:286

1.3941

28222536

WP_Hook->apply_filters( $value = [0 => 'document.write', 1 => 'html5.js', 2 => 'show_ads.js', 3 => 'google_ad', 4 => 'histats.com/js', 5 => 'statcounter.com/counter/counter.js', 6 => 'ws.amazon.com/widgets', 7 => 'media.fastclick.net', 8 => '/ads/', 9 => 'comment-form-quicktags/quicktags.php', 10 => 'edToolbar', 11 => 'intensedebate.com', 12 => 'scripts.chitika.net/', 13 => '_gaq.push', 14 => 'jotform.com/', 15 => 'admin-bar.min.js', 16 => 'GoogleAnalyticsObject', 17 => 'plupload.full.min.js', 18 => 'syntaxhighlighter', 19 => 'adsbygoogle', 20 => 'gist.github.com', 21 => '_stq', 22 => 'nonce', 23 => 'post_id', 24 => 'data-noptimize', 25 => 'data-cfasync', 26 => 'data-pagespeed-no-defer', 27 => 'logHuman', 28 => 'amp-mobile-version-switcher', 29 => 'data-rocketlazyloadscript', 30 => 'rocket-browser-checker-js-after'], $args = [0 => [0 => 'document.write', 1 => 'html5.js', 2 => 'show_ads.js', 3 => 'google_ad', 4 => 'histats.com/js', 5 => 'statcounter.com/counter/counter.js', 6 => 'ws.amazon.com/widgets', 7 => 'media.fastclick.net', 8 => '/ads/', 9 => 'comment-form-quicktags/quicktags.php', 10 => 'edToolbar', 11 => 'intensedebate.com', 12 => 'scripts.chitika.net/', 13 => '_gaq.push', 14 => 'jotform.com/', 15 => 'admin-bar.min.js', 16 => 'GoogleAnalyticsObject', 17 => 'plupload.full.min.js', 18 => 'syntaxhighlighter', 19 => 'adsbygoogle', 20 => 'gist.github.com', 21 => '_stq', 22 => 'nonce', 23 => 'post_id', 24 => 'data-noptimize', 25 => 'data-cfasync', 26 => 'data-pagespeed-no-defer', 27 => 'logHuman', 28 => 'amp-mobile-version-switcher', 29 => 'data-rocketlazyloadscript', 30 => 'rocket-browser-checker-js-after']] )

...\plugin.php:205